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The maximally-flat magnitude response is achieved when the Butterworth polynomial is used 1. This gives a -3dB point at exactly ωc 2.
The roll-off rate is -40 dB/decade for a second-order filter 1.
Page 42, §3.2 — "The Butterworth polynomial B₂(s) provides..."
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Orgo_Ch7_Substitution.pdf, Page 23
“Tertiary carbocations are stabilized by hyperconjugation from adjacent C–H bonds…”
Based on 1, SN1 reactions proceed through a carbocation intermediate. Tertiary substrates are favored because the three alkyl groups stabilize the positive charge via hyperconjugation and inductive effects.
Primary carbocations lack this stabilization, making them too high in energy to form — so primary substrates undergo SN2 instead.
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Using partial fraction decomposition: 1
Applying the annuity formula: 1
By Gauss’s law with planar symmetry: 1
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The impulse response can be found by taking the inverse Laplace transform. Here are the steps:
1. Factor: (s+1)(s+2)
2. Partial fractions: A/(s+1) + B/(s+2)
3. Solve: A = 1, B = −1
Taking the inverse Laplace transform:
This gives us two exponentials that decay over time. The system is stable since both poles are in the left half-plane.
For t > 0, both terms approach zero. There is no oscillatory behavior since the poles are real and distinct.
Let me know if you need more details.
Signals_Ch4.pdf, Page 89
“The impulse response is obtained by taking the inverse Laplace transform…”
Using partial fraction decomposition on H(s)1, we factor the denominator as (s+1)(s+2):
The poles at s = −1, s = −2 give decaying exponentials. u(t) ensures causality2.
Coefficients A = 1, B = −1 via Heaviside cover-up (Ch. 4, p. 13). System is BIBO stable3.
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Using partial fraction decomposition on H(s) 1:
The poles at s = −1 and s = −2 give two decaying exponentials 2.
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